Questions & particles

Russian has no do-support. A yes/no question is often the same words as a statement — the rise in the voice does the work. Soft offers often start with не.

Put the question word first in a neutral question: Куда ты идёшь? Pronouns already cover кто / что / чей. Here the map is where, where to, when, why, how — and what happens if the word is not first.

ли sits right after the word in focus. It makes a yes/no (or whether) question without relying on intonation — common in writing, polite speech, and indirect questions.

разве and неужели both mark surprise, but they are not twins. разве often challenges a claim (“surely not?”). неужели is stronger disbelief (“you mean to say…?”).

These don’t ask for new facts so much as colour the sentence: ведь appeals to shared knowledge, же highlights or nudges, -ка softens an imperative.